Andy Achenbaum

Mentor: Andy Achenbaum, University of Houston

Katie Otis (2006 Fellow), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
"Everything Old is New Again: What Policymakers and Baby Boomers Can Learn from the History of Aging and Retirement"

Andy Achenbaum, University of Houston Professor of History and Social Work, focuses on the history of aging. He has written five books: Older Americans: Vital Communities – Toward a Bold Vision of Societal Aging; Crossing Frontiers: Gerontology Emerges as a Science; Social Security: Visions and Revisions; Shades of Gray: Old Age, American Values and Federal Policies; and Old Age in the New Land: The American Experience Since 1790. He has also co-authored a number of books, including Profiles in Gerontology: A Biographical Dictionary (with Daniel M. Albert) and Changing Perceptions of Aging and the Aged (with Dena Shenk).

Richard N. Andrews

Mentor: Richard N. Andrews, University of North Carolina

Josh Ashenmiller (2002 Fellow), University of California, Santa Barbara,
"Environmental Impact Assessment in the Era of Limits"

Richard N. Andrews is the Thomas Willis Lambeth Distinguished Professor of Public Policy at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. His research interests include environmental policy institutions and instruments, environmental policy analysis, and United States and comparative environmental policy. He has written many books, articles, and public policy reports, including Managing the Environment, Managing Ourselves: A History of American Environmental Policy; "Politics, Economics, and Perceptions" in Conservation Biology (December 2001); and "The Environment in Business Decision Making" in Decision Making for the Environment: Social and Behavioral Science Research Priorities.

Kwame Appiah

Kwame Appiah, Princeton University

Christopher Lebron (2007 Fellow), Wilson Carey McWilliams Fellow; Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Kwame Anthony Appiah is the Laurance S. Rockefeller University Professor of Philosophy and the University Center for Human Values at Princeton University. His research interests include the ethics and philosophy of the mind and language, political philosophy, and African and African-American intellectual history. His recent publications include Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers, The Ethics of Identity, and Thinking It Through. Among his other books are In My Father’s House, Color Conscious: The Political Morality of Race (co-authored with Amy Gutmann), and Bu Me Bé: Proverbs of the Akan (co-authored with Peggy Appiah).

Michael Bernstein

Mentor: Michael Bernstein Tulane University

Derek S. Hoff (2003 Fellow), University of Virginia
"Are We Too Many? The Political Economy of Population in the Twentieth-Century United States"

Michael Bernstein is Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs and Provost of Tulane University. His current research interests include United States political-economic history and the military-industrial complex. He has published many books, articles, and essays, among which are A Perilous Progress: Economists and Public Purpose in Twentieth Century America; The American Economic Policy Environment of the 1990s: Origins, Consequences, and Legacies" in The Global Economy in the 1990s; and "The Pitfalls of Mainstream Economic Reasoning (and Teaching)" in A Guide to What's Wrong With Economics.

Martha Biondi

Mentor: Martha Biondi, Northwestern University

Heather Lewis (2005 Fellow), New York University
"Scaling Down: Half a Century of Community Control in New York City's Schools, 1945-95"

Martha Biondi is Associate Professor of African American Studies and History at Northwestern University. Her current research project is titled "The Black Student Movement and the Origins of African American Studies". She has written To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City for which she received the Thomas J. Wilson Prize in 2003. Other recent publications include "Student Protest, ‘Law and Order' and the Origins of African American Studies in California" (forthcoming) and "The Rise of the Reparations Movement" in Radical History Review (Fall 2003).

Lawrence Brown

Lawrence Brown, Columbia University

Nicole Kazee (2007 Fellow), Yale University

Lawrence Brown, Columbia University Professor of Health Policy and Management, is an expert in the fields of health care reform, health care policy, competition and regulation, and the uninsured. He has written many books and articles, including Health Policy and the Disadvantaged; Politics and Health Care Organizations: Health Maintenance Organizations as Federal Policy; “Competition and the New Accountability: Do Market Incentives and Medical Outcomes Conflict or Cohere?” in Competitive Approaches to Health Care Reform; and “The National Politics of Oregon's Rationing Plan,” in Health Affairs (Summer 1991).

W. Elliott Brownlee

Mentor: W. Elliott Brownlee, University of California, Santa Barbara

Ajay Mehrotra (2001 Fellow), University of Chicago
"Creating the Modern American Fiscal State: The Political Economy of U.S. Tax Policy, 1880-1930"

W. Elliot Brownlee is Professor Emeritus of American Economic History at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His current research interests include the financing of World War I, taxing and spending during the Reagan Presidency, and comparative fiscal history of Japan and the United States since World War I. Among his recent publications are Federal Taxation in America: A Short History; The Reagan Presidency: Pragmatic Conservatism and its Legacies (co-edited with Hugh Davis Graham); and "Taxation in the U.S. during World War I: Alternatives and Legacies" in Taxation, State, and Civil Society in Germany and the United States from the 18th to the 20th Century (forthcoming).

Daniel Carpenter

Mentor: Daniel Carpenter, Harvard University

Joanna Grisinger (2002 Fellow), University of Chicago,
"Reforming the State: Reorganization and the Federal Government, 1937-1964"

Dominique Tobbell (2007 Fellow), University of Pennsylvania

Daniel Carpenter is Professor of Government and Director of the Center for American Political Studies at Harvard University. His current research interests include the regulation of pharmaceutical products by the Food and Drug Administration; "placebo learning" and its effects on the evaluation of medical services and pharmaceutical therapies; and the coverage of disease in the mass media. Professor Carpenter's recent publications include The Forging of Bureaucratic Autonomy: Regulations, Networks and Policy Innovation in Executive Agencies, 1862-1928 (winner of the 2002 Gladys M. Kammerer Award) and "Protection without Capture: Product Approval by a Politically Responsive, Learning Regulator" in American Political Science Review (November 2004).

Elisabeth Clemens

Mentor: Elisabeth Clemens, University of Chicago

Shamira Gelbman (2005 Fellow), University of Virginia,
"Coalitions of the Unwilling: Insurgency and Enfranchisement in the United States and South Africa"

Elisabeth Clemens, University of Chicago Associate Professor of Sociology, analyzes the processes behind institutional change. She is currently researching the privatization of public education. She has written many books and articles, including The People's Lobby: Organizational Innovation and the Rise of Interest Group Politics in the United States, 1890-1925; "The Typical Tools for the Job: Research Strategies in Institutional Analysis" (with Marc Schneiberg) in Sociological Theory (September 2006); and "Sociology as a Historical Science" in The American Sociologist (Summer 2006). She also co-edited Remaking Modernity: Politics and Processes in Historical Sociology with Julia Adams and Ann Shola Orloff.

David Colby

Mentors: David Colby, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

Joeseph Crepsino (2001 Fellow), Stanford University
"Strategic Accommodation: Civil Rights Opponents in Mississippi and Their Impact on American Racial Politics, 1953-1972"

David Colby is the Robert Wood John Johnson Foundation's Vice President of Research and Evaluation. Before serving in a myriad of leadership roles at the foundation, he was the deputy director of two commissions: the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission and the Physician Payment Review Commission. He is also a former coordinator of the Masters of Policy Sciences Program at University of Maryland, Baltimore County as well as a former assistant dean at Williams College. His political science research focused on civil rights and his policy interests include Medicaid and Medicare and media coverage of AIDS.

Alan Dawley

Mentor: Alan Dawley, The College of New Jersey

Beverly Gage (2002 Fellow), Columbia University,
"The Wall Street Explosion: Terrorism, Anticommunism, and the Origins of the FBI"

Alan Dawley is Professor of History at The College of New Jersey. He specializes in nineteenth and twentieth-century United States history. His books include Changing the World: American Progressives in War and Revolution, 1914-1924; Struggles for Justice: Social Responsibility and the Liberal State; and Class and Community: The Industrial Revolution in Lynn. He has also written articles such as "Enforced Consent: American Progressives in War and Revolution" in Acoma (Winter 2000) and "Race and Class" in Labor History (Fall 1994).

Lowell Dittmer

Mentor: Lowell Dittmer, University of California, Berkley

George Xuezhi Guo (2001 Fellow), University of Virginia
"The Guanxi (Interpersonal Relations) of Chinese Communist Elite: Theory and Practice"

Lowell Dittmer is Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Berkeley. He is a scholar of contemporary China whose research interests include the impact of reform on Chinese Communist authority and the China-Taiwan-U.S. triangle's relationship to East Asian regional politics. Among his recent publications are the following: South Asia's Nuclear Crisis; China Under Modernization; China's Quest for National Identity (co-authored with Samuel Kim); and Sino-Soviet Modernization and Its International Implications.

Daniel Ernst

Daniel Ernst, Georgetown University, Law Center

Jefferson Decker (2007 Fellow), Columbia University

Daniel Ernst, Georgetown University Professor of Law, specializes in American legal history. He co-edited Total War and the Law: The American Home Front in World War II as well as the American Society for Legal History’s book series, “Studies in Legal History.” A few of his other publications include Lawyers Against Labor, “Dicey's Disciple on the D.C. Circuit: Judge Harold Stephens and Administrative Reform, 1933-1940” in Georgetown Law Journal (March 2002); “State, Party, and Harold M. Stephens: The Utahn Origins of an Anti-New Dealer” in Western Legal History (Summer/Fall 2001); and “Willard Hurst and the Administrative State: From Williams to Wisconsin” in Law and History Review (Spring 2000).

Louis Fisher

Mentor: Louis Fisher, Congressional Research Service, Government Division, Library of Congress

Jasmine L. Farrier (2000 Fellow), University of Texas at Austin,
"Why Congress Delegates Decisions on the Budget: Institutional Origins and Consequences"

Louis Fisher is a Senior Specialist in the Government and Finance Division of the Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress. He is an expert on the budgeting processes of the United States government. His books include Presidential War Power, Constitutional Conflicts Between Congress and the President, and Presidential Spending Power. He appeared before the House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence in 1994 to discuss "Public Disclosure of the Aggregate Intelligence Budget Figure". In 2004 he submitted a declaration for the case Steven Aftergood v. Central Intelligence Agency.

Dr. Alton Frye

Mentor: Dr. Alton Frye, Council on Foreign Relations

Jamie Morin (2002 Fellow), Yale University,
"Dismantling Defense: The Programmatic Politics of Post-Cold War Defense Retrenchment"

Alton Frye, Presidential Senior Fellow Emeritus at the Council on Foreign Relations, founded the Council’s Washington program and its national program. During his tenure at the Council, he served as its president, senior vice president, and national director. Prior to investing over thirty years in the Council, he served as a charter fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and a strategic analyst for the RAND Corporation. He is the author of several works, including Humanitarian Intervention: Crafting a Workable Doctrine; A Responsible Congress: The Politics of National Security; and Congress Evolves: The Changing Politics of American Defense.

William Galston

Mentor: William Galston, University of Maryland

Derek Webb (2006 Fellow), University of Notre Dame
"Paving the Rights Infrastructure: Civic Education in the Presidencies of Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Franklin Roosevelt"

William Galston is the College Park Professor in University of Maryland's School of Public Policy. He is a political theorist with expertise in family policy, domestic policy, American politics, campaigns, elections, and education. He is the author of Public Matters: Essays on Politics, Policy and Religion; Liberal Pluralism: The Implications of Value Pluralism for Political Theory and Practice; "Individual Experience and Social Policy: Thinking Practically about Overcoming Radical and Ethnic Prejudice" in NOMOS XLIII: Moral and Political Education; and "Diversity and Distrust: Civic Education in a Multicultural Democracy" in Ethics (January 2002).

Gary Gerstle

Mentor: Gary Gerstle, Vanderbilt University

Justin J. Wert (2004 Fellow), University of Pennslyvania
"The Not-So-Great Writ: Habeas Corpus & American Political Development"

Carl Bon Tempo (2002 Fellow), University of Virginia,
"The Politics of American Refugee Policy, 1952-1980"

Gary Gerstle is the James Stahlman Professor of History at Vanderbilt University. He focuses on the twentieth-century United States, examining how the United States changes its borders and national identity in order to welcome or exclude immigrants and other minorities. One of his current research projects is a comparative and transnational history of race and nation in the United States, Mexico, and Cuba. His books include Working Class Americanism: The Politics of Labor in a Textile City, 1914-1960 and American Crucible: Race and Nation in the Twentieth Century.

Hugh Davis Graham

Mentor: Hugh Davis Graham, Vanderbilt University

Paul C. Milazzo (2000 Fellow), University of Virginia,
"Legislating the Solution to Pollution: Congress and the Development of Federal Water Pollution Control Policy in the United States, 1945-1975"

Hugh Davis Graham was the Holland N. McTyeire Professor of American History and Professor of Political Science at Vanderbilt University. He was an expert on civil rights and wrote Civil Rights and the Presidency: Race and Gender in American Politics, 1960-1972; Collision Course: The Strange Convergence of Affirmative Action and Immigration Policy in America; and The Rise of American Research Universities: Elites and Challengers in the Postwar Era. He also co-edited two books with W. Elliot Brownlee: Federal Taxation in America: A Short History and The Reagan Presidency: Pragmatic Conservatism and Its Legacies.

John Mark Hansen

Mentor: John Mark Hansen, University of Chicago

Lorraine K. Gates (2000 Fellow), University of Virginia,
"The Weight of Their Votes: Southern Women and Politics in the 1920s"

John Mark Hansen is the University of Chicago's Dean of Social Sciences and the Charles L. Hutchinson Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Political Science. His work has centered on interest groups, citizen activism, and public opinion. He has published two books entitled Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America (co-authored with Steven Rosenstone) and Gaining Access: Congress and the Farm Lobby, 1919-1981. He has also written articles such as "Individuals, Institutions, and Public Preferences over Public Finance" in American Political Science Review (September 1998), for which he received the journal's Heinz Eulau Award for the Best Article Published in 1998.

Ellen Herman

Mentor: Ellen Herman, University of Oregon

Joy Rohde (2006 Fellow), University of Pennsylvania
"The Social Scientists' War": Expertise in a Cold War Nation

Ellen Herman is University of Oregon's Associate Professor of Twentieth-Century American History. Her interests include human sciences, social engineering, and therapeutic culture. She published her first book in 1995, The Romance of American Psychology: Political Culture in the Age of Experts. Currently, she is writing a book about twentieth-century child adoption, which is entitled Kinship by Design. Among her recent publications are "Can Kinship Be Designed and Still Be Normal? The Curious Case of Child Adoption" in Histories of the Normal and the Abnormal: Social and Cultural Histories of Norms and Normativity and "Rules for Realness: Child Adoption in a Therapeutic Culture" in Therapeutic Culture: Triumph and Defeat.

Chris Howard

Mentor: Chris Howard, College of William and Mary

Lori Fritz (2003 Fellow), University of Virginia,
"Weaving the Safety Net, Strand by Strand: State Healthcare Regimes"

Chris Howard is the Pamela Harriman Professor of Government and Public Policy at the College of William and Mary. His research interests include American politics and public policy. He has written two books: The Welfare State Nobody Knows: Debunking Myths about U.S. Social Policy and The Hidden Welfare State: Tax Expenditures and Social Policy in the United States. In addition, he has written many articles which have appeared in The American Political Science Review, Journal of Policy History, Political Research Quarterly, Public Administration Review, and Studies in American Political Development.

Akira Iriye

Mentor: Akira Iriye, Harvard University

Stephen Porter (2005 Fellow), University of Chicago
"Defining Public Responsibility in a Global Age: Refugee Resettlement in the U.S., 1933 to 1980"

Akira Iriye, Harvard University Professor Emeritus of History, specialized in American diplomatic history and Japanese-American relations. He has written six books: From Nationalism to Internationalism: U.S. Foreign Policy to 1914; Cultural Internationalism and World Order; The Globalizing of America; China and Japan in the Global Setting; Fifty Years of Japanese-American Relations; Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945; and Pacific Estrangement: Japanese and American Expansion, 1897-1911.

Meg Jacobs

Mentor: Meg Jacobs, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Julia Ott (2005 Fellow), Yale University
"When Wall Street Met Main Street: The Quest for an Investors' Democracy and the Emergence of the American Retail Investor, 1900-1930"

Meg Jacobs is the Class of 1947 Career Development Associate Professor of History at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She researches twentieth-century American politics, public policy, and business history. She is the author of Pocketbook Politics: Economic Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America and is the co-editor of The Democratic Experiment: New Directions in American Political History (with William J. Novak and Julian E. Zelizer). Her article "Energy Crises Now and Then" in Spectrum (Winter 2007) won the 2007 Levitan Prize.

Richard R. John

Mentor: Richard R. John, University of Illinois, Chicago

Michael Fein (2001 Fellow), Brandeis University
"Public Works: New York Road Building and the American State, 1880-1956"

Richard R. John is Professor of History and Adjunct Professor of Communication at the University of Illinois, Chicago. His primary research interests are U.S. cultural and institutional history before 1940, American political development, and the history of business, technology, and communications. He is the author of Spreading the News: The American Postal System from Franklin to Morse, for which he received the Allan Nevins Prize of the Society of American Historians. In addition, he is the editor of Ruling Passions: Political Economy in Nineteenth-Century America and has also written several articles, many of which have appeared in Journal of Policy History.

Tony Judt

Tony Judt, New York University

Michael Morgan (2007 Fellow), Yale University

Tony Judt is New York University’s Erich Maria Remarque Professor of European Studies and Director of the Remarque Institute. His research interests include nineteenth and twentieth-century French social history as well as French and European intellectual and political history since World War II. He is currently working on a history of Europe since 1945 and has written many books, including The Burden of Responsibility: Blum, Camus, Aron and the French Twentieth Century; Past Imperfect: French Intellectuals 1944-1956; Marxism and the French Left: Essays on Labour and Politics in France, 1830-1981; and Socialism in Provence, 1871-1914: A Study in the Origins of the Modern French Left.

Elizabeth Kier

Mentor: Elizabeth Kier, University of Washington

Ronald Krebs (2001 Fellow), Columbia University
"A School for the Nation? Military Institutions and the Boundaries of Nationality"

Elizabeth Kier is a University of Washington Associate Professor of Political Science. Her specialization is international relations, and she focuses particularly on international security and civil-military relations. She won the 1998 Edgar S. Furniss Award for her book, Imagining War: French and British Military Doctrine Between the Wars. Her recent articles include "Homosexuals in the U.S. Military: Open Integration and Combat Effectiveness" in International Security (Autumn 1998) and "Rights and Fights: Sexual Orientation and Military Effectiveness" in International Security (Summer 1999, coauthors: Tarak Barkawi, Christopher Dandeker, and Melissa Wells-Petry).

Michael Klarman

Mentor: Michael Klarman, University of Virginia

Christopher Schmidt (2003 Fellow), Harvard University,
"Postwar Liberalism and the Origins of Brown v. Board of Education"

Michael Klarman is University of Virginia's James Monroe Distinguished Professor of Law, Professor of History, and Elizebth D. and Richard A. Merill Research Professor. He specializes in criminal law, constitutional law, constitutional theory, and constitutional history. His book, From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality, won the 2005 Bancroft Prize. He has also written several articles, including "How Great were the ‘Great' Marshall Court Decisions?" in Virginia Law Review (October 2001) and "Bush v. Gore Through the Lens of Constitutional History" in California Law Review (Fall 2001).

Gary Laderman

Mentor: Gary Laderman, Emory University

Stephanie Muravchik (2005 Fellow), University of Virginia
"New Creatures in Christ: American Faith in an Age of Psychology"

Gary Laderman, Emory University Professor of American Religious History and Culture, studies religion and health. He is the author of two books: Rest in Peace: A Cultural History of Death and the Funeral Home in Twentieth-Century America and The Sacred Remains: American Attitudes Toward Death, 1799-1883. In addition, he co-edited the three-volume Religion and American Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions (with Luis León). He is currently working on another book, entitled Godless in America: Religious Anchors in Contemporary America.

Marc Landy

Mentor: Marc Landy, Boston College

Caroline Lee (2005 Fellow), University of California at San Diego
"Compromising Natures: Moral Economies of Environmental Decision Making"

Kathleen Grammatico Ferraiolo (2003 Fellow), University of Virginia,
"A Theory of Drug Control Policy in the Twentieth Century and the Success of Drug Law Reform in the 1990s"

Marc Landy, Professor of Political Science and Faculty Chair of the Irish Institute at Boston College, specializes in American political development, the American presidency, and environmental politics and policy. He is the author of many publications, including American Politics: The Enduring Conflict and Presidential Greatness (both with Sidney Milkis); The Environmental Protection Agency from Nixon to Clinton: Asking the Wrong Questions (with Marc Roberts and Stephen Thomas); and "Local Government and Environmental Policy" in Dilemmas of Scale in American Federal Democracy.

Richard Lapchick

Mentor: Richard Lapchick, University of Central Florida

Damion Thomas (2001 Fellow), University of California, Los Angeles
"'The Good Negroes': African-American Athletes and the Cultural Cold War, 1945-1968"

Richard Lapchick is University of Central Florida's Director and Chair of the Sports Business Management Program. He is also President and CEO of the National Consortium for Academics and Sports. Before joining the faculty of University of Central Florida, he co-founded and directed the Center for the Study of Sport at Northeastern University for seventeen years, taught political science as an associate professor at Virginia Wesleyan College, and was Senior Liaison Officer at the United Nations. He has written eleven books, including Smashing Barriers; Fractured Focus: Sport as a Reflection of Society; On the Mark: Putting the Student Back in Student-Athlete; and Sport in Society: Equal Opportunity or Business as Usual?

Melvyn Leffler

Mentor: Melvyn Leffler, University of Virginia

Ariel David Adesnik (2004 Fellow), Oxford University
"The Rebirth of American Democracy Promotion: Carter and Reagan in Central America"

Jennifer See (2002 Fellow), University of California,
"Santa Barbara, American Cold War Policy in its Wider International and Domestic Context, 1945-47"

Melvyn Leffler is University of Virginia's Edward R. Stettinius Professor of History. He is also a co-chair of the Miller Center's Governing America in a Global Era (GAGE) program. His area of expertise is diplomatic history, and he has written several books on the topic, including For the Soul of Mankind: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Cold War; The Specter of Communism: The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1917-1953; and The Elusive Quest: America's Pursuit of European Stability and French Security, 1919-1933. He won the 1993 Bancroft Prize for his book, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War.

Jeffrey Legro

Mentor: Jeffrey Legro, University of Virginia

Sarah Kreps (2006 Fellow), Georgetown University
"Compton Professor of World Politics in the Department of Politics"

Jeffrey Legro is Chair of the Woodrow Wilson Department of Politics at the University of Virginia. In addition, he is the Compton Visiting Professor of World Politics at the Miller Center of Public Affairs and co-chairs the Miller Center's Governing America in a Global Era (GAGE) program. He specializes in international relations and is the author of Rethinking the World: Great Power Strategies and International Order and Cooperation Under Fire: Anglo-German Restraint During World War II. His articles have appeared in International Organization, International Security, American Political Science Review, American Journal of Political Science, Survival, Parameters, and Foreign Policy.

Ronnie Lipschutz

Mentor: Ronnie Lipschutz, University of California, Santa Cruz

Shelley L. Hurt (2003 Fellow), New School University,
"Institutionalizing Food Power: U.S. Foreign Policy, Intellectual Property Rights, and the Agricultural Biotechnology Industry, 1972-1994"

Ronnie Lipschutz is Professor of Politics at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He focuses on globalization's effect on politics. His recent publications include Regulation for the Rest of Us? Globalization, Governmentality, and Global Politics (with James K. Rowe); Global Politics Because People Matter (with Mary Ann Tètreault); "Global Civil Society and Global Governmentality: Or the Search for Politics and the State amidst the Capillaries of Power" in Power and Global Governance; and "Imitations of Empire" in Global Environmental Politics (May 2004).

Cathie Jo Martin

Mentor: Cathie Jo Martin, Boston University

Gretchen Crosby Sims (2002 Fellow), Stanford University,
"Corporate Social Responsibility and the Political Power of American Business"

Jesse Rhodes (2007 Fellow), University of Virginia

Cathie Jo Martin, Professor of Politics at Boston University, specializes in American politics, political economy, and the relationship between business and politics. She has written three books: Stuck in Neutral: Business and the Politics of Human Capital Investment Policy; Shifting the Burden: the Struggle Over Growth and Corporate Taxation; and Aktivering af arbejdsgiverne: Arbejdsmarkedets svage i Danmark og Storbritannien (Activating Employers). In addition she has written several articles, including "Sectional Parties, Divided Business" in Studies in American Political Development (Fall 2006) and "Corporatism from the Firm Perspective" in British Journal of Political Science (January 2005).

David Mayhew

Mentor: David Mayhew, Yale University

Robert Saldin (2006 Fellow), University of Virginia
"War and Peace as Pivot Points in American Politics"

David Mayhew is the Sterling Professor of Political Science at Yale University. He focuses on United States legislative behavior, political parties, and policymaking. Among his many publications are Electoral Realignments: A Critique of an American Genre; America's Congress: Actions in the Public Sphere, James Madison through Newt Gingrich; "Congress as Problem Solver" in Promoting the General Welfare: New Perspectives on Government Performance; "Lawmaking and History" in The Macropolitics of Congress; and "Actions in the Public Sphere" in Institutions of American Democracy: The Legislative Branch.

Robert McMahon

Robert McMahon, Ohio State University

Robert Rakove (2007 Fellow), University of Virginia

Robert McMahon is Ohio State University’s Ralph D. Mershon Distinguished Professor. He specializes in U.S. foreign relations and has written several books, including The Cold War: A Very Short Introduction; The Limits of Empire: The United States and Southeast Asia since World War II; The Cold War on the Periphery: the United States, India, and Pakistan; and Colonialism and the Cold War: The United States and the Struggle for Indonesian Independence. He also edited Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War: Documents and Essays, which was part of the “Major Problems in American History Series.”

Timothy Meagher

Mentor: Timothy Meagher, Catholic University of America

Emily Brunner (2004 Fellow), University of Chicago
"Irish-American Nationalists and the Dilemmas of National Belonging"

Timothy Meagher, Associate Professor of History and University Archivist at the Catholic University of America, specializes in American immigrant history, Irish-American history, and Catholic history. He is the author of three books: From Paddy to Studs: Irish-American Communities in the Turn of the Century Era, 1880 to 1920; Inventing Irish America: Generation, Class and Ethnic Identity in a New England City, 1880 to 1928; and A Guide to Irish American History. In addition, he edited The New York Irish with Ronald H. Bayor.

R. Shep Melnick

Mentor: R. Shep Melnick, Boston College

Joshua Dunn (2000 Fellow), University of Virginia,
"Judges, Lawyers, and Experts: Law vs. Politics in Missouri vs. Jenkins"

R. Shep Melnick is Boston College's Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Professor of American Politics. He researches the judiciary and legislative branches, examining their roles in American government and public policy. His two books are entitled Regulation and the Courts: The Case of the Clean Air Act and Between the Lines: Interpreting Welfare Rights. He has also written many articles and book chapters, including "Courts and Agencies" in Making Policy, Making Law: An Interbranch Perspective and "From Tax-and-Spend to Mandate-and-Sue: Liberalism After the Great Society" in The Great Society and the High Tide of Liberalism.

Suzanne Mettler

Mentor: Suzanne Mettler, Syracuse University

Susan Schantz (2000 Fellow), Brandeis University,
"Work, Citizenship, and Welfare: The Institutionalization of the Work Ethic in Work Relief Policies from the New Deal to the Present"

Suzanne Mettler is Distinguished Professor of Political Science at Syracuse University. She specializes in American political development, public policy, and political behavior. Her first book Dividing Citizens: Gender and Federalism in New Deal Public Policy won the American Political Science Association's Gladys M. Kammerer Award for the best book on U.S. national policy published in 1998. Soldiers to Citizens: The G.I. Bill and the Making of the Greatest Generation, her second book, also garnered awards: it was the co-winner of the 2006 Gladys M. Kammerer Award and the co-winner of the American Political Association's Greenstone Prize of the Politics and History Section.

Sidney Milkis

Mentor: Sidney Milkis, University of Virginia

Daniel Galvin (2005 Fellow), Yale University,
"Presidential Party Building in the United States"

Saladin Ambar (2007 Fellow), Rutgers University

Sidney Milkis is the White Burkett Miller Professor of Politics at the University of Virginia. He is also Assistant Director of Academic Programs at the Miller Center of Public Affairs and Co-Chair of the Governing America in a Global Era (GAGE) Program. His research interests include American political development, the presidency, elections, and twentieth-century political reform. He has written several publications, including The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the New Deal; Political Parties and Constitutional Government: Remaking American Democracy; Presidential Greatness (co-authored with Marc Landy); and The Great Society and the High Tide of Liberalism (co-authored with Jerome Mileur).

Timothy Naftali

Mentor: Timothy Naftali, Nixon Presidential Library and Museum

Sean Malloy (2001 Fellow), University of California, Berkeley
"Henry L. Stimson and the American Foreign Policy Tradition"

Timothy Naftali is Director of the Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. He was formerly Director of the Miller Center's Presidential Recordings Program and Associate Professor of History. His publications include Khrushchev's Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary (with Aleksandr Fursenko); Blindspot: The Secret History of American Counterterrorism; U.S. Intelligence and the Nazis; The Presidential Recordings: John F. Kennedy, Volumes 1 & 2; and One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958-1964.

Alice O'Connor

Mentor: Alice O'Connor, University of California-Santa Barbara

Andrew Morris (2001 Fellow), University of Virginia
"Charity, Therapy, and Poverty: Private Social Service in the Era of Public Welfare"

Alice O'Connor is Associate Professor of History at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She specializes in modern U.S. history and public policy. Among her many books and articles are Poverty Knowledge: Social Science, Social Policy, and the Poor in Twentieth-Century U.S. History; "Poverty Research and Policy for the Post-Welfare Era" in Annual Review of Sociology (August 2000), and "The Ford Foundation and Philanthropic Activism in the 1960s" in Philanthropic Foundations: New Scholarship, New Possibilities. She is also a co-editor of Urban Inequality: Evidence from Four Cities (with Chris Tilly and Lawrence D. Bobo).

Carmen Hooker Odom

Mentor: Carmen Hooker Odom, Milbank Memorial Fund

Maxine Eichner (2001 Fellow), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
"Reinstating Family: Rethinking the Relationship Between the Family and the State"

Carmen Hooker Odom is President of the Milbank Memorial Fund, a foundation which conducts health policy research and publishes the Milbank Quarterly. Prior to this position, she was North Carolina’s Secretary of Health and Human Services and Adjunct Professor of Health Policy and Administration at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill’s School of Public Health. She is a former member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and was the primary author of the 1991 Massachusetts comprehensive health reform legislation and the Children’s Medical Security Plan.

Charles Palmer

Mentor: Charles Palmer, Institute for Social and Economic Development Ventures

Andrew Morris (2001 Fellow), University of Virginia
"Charity, Therapy, and Poverty: Private Social Service in the Era of Public Welfare"

Charles Palmer is the President of the Institute for Social and Economic Development (ISED) Ventures, a subsidiary of ISED that assists impoverished Americans by providing services such as financial literacy training and credit counseling. He is the former Director of the Iowa Department of Human Services and the former Director of Planning and Allocation for the United Way of Greater Des Moines, Iowa. In addition, he is a consultant with the Annie Casey Foundation and the Millbank Foundation. Mr. Palmer has a Masters of Arts in Social Services Administration from the University of Chicago.

Charles Payne

Mentor: Charles Payne, Duke University

Joeseph Crepsino (2001 Fellow), Stanford University
"Strategic Accommodation: Civil Rights Opponents in Mississippi and Their Impact on American Racial Politics, 1953-1972"

Charles Payne is the Director of African and African-American Studies and the Sally Dalton Robinson Professor of History, African American Studies, and Sociology at Duke University. He specializes in urban education and educational policy, the Civil Rights Movement, social change, and social inequality. His publications include So Much Reform, So Little Change: The Persistence of Failure in Urban Schools; Teach Freedom: The African American Tradition of Education for Liberation (co-edited with Carol Strickland), and Time Longer Than Rope: A Century of African American Activism (co-edited with Adam Green).

Julie Reuben

Mentor: Julie Reuben, Harvard University

Chris Loss (2004 Fellow), University of Virginia
"From Democracy to Diversity: The Transformation of American Higher Education from World War I through the Cold War"

Julie Reuben, Harvard University Professor of Education, researches the purposes of education as well as educational change and the relationship between educational institutions and sociopolitical concerns. Her current research project is a book tentatively titled Campus Revolts: Politics and the American University in the 1960s, in which she will explore the impact of student protests on higher education. She is the author of Making the Modern University: Intellectual Transformation and the Marginalization of Morality, which won the 1997 Choice Outstanding Academic Book Award.

Peter Reuter

Mentor: Peter Reuter, University of Maryland

Beth Freeborn (2002 Fellow), University of Virginia,
"Drug Laws and the Market for Cocaine"

Peter Reuter is Professor of Public Policy with a joint appointment in the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland. He is also the director of the University's Program on the Economics of Crime and Justice Policy and the founder of the RAND Corporation's Drug Policy Research Center. His specialization is policy regarding illicit drugs and organized crime, topics about which he has written extensively. A few of his recent publications include Drug War Heresies: Learning from Other Places, Times, and Vices (co-authored with Robert MacCoun) and Chasing Dirty Money: The Fight Against Money Laundering (co-authored with Edwin Truman).

Emily Rosenberg

Mentor: Emily Rosenberg, Macalester College

Seth Center (2006 Fellow), University of Virginia,
"Spreading the American Dream?: Power, Image, and U.S. Diplomacy, 1968-1976"

Emily Rosenberg is the DeWitt Wallace Professor of History at Macalester College. Her specialization is U.S. foreign relations, specifically U.S. economic and cultural expansion. She is the author of many publications, including The Day Which Will Live: Pearl Harbor in American Memory; Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy, 1900-1930, winner of the Ferrell Book Award; "Ordering Others: U.S. Financial Advisers in the Early Twentieth Century" in Haunted by Empire; and "Present and Past: September 11 and Pearl Harbor" in Chronicle of Higher Education (December 4, 2003).

Edmund Russell

Mentor: Edmund Russell, University of Virginia

Shane Hamilton (2004 Fellow), Massachusetts Institute of Technology
"Trucking Country: Food Politics and the Transformation of Rural Life in Postwar America"

Sarah T. Phillips (2000 Fellow), Boston University,
"Acres Fit and Unfit: Environmental Liberalism and the American State, 1925-1955"

Edmund Russell is Associate Professor of Science, Technology, and Society in the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences with a joint appointment in the History Department. His research interests are the history of science, technology, society, and the environment. He is the author of several works, including War and Nature: Fighting Humans and Insects with Chemicals from World War I to Silent Spring (winner of the Edelstein Prize) and "Evolutionary History: Prospectus for a New Field," Environmental History (April 2003), which won the publication's annual Leopold-Hidy Prize.

Carol Sanger

Mentor: Carol Sanger, Columbia University

Jenny Cheng (2004 Fellow), University of Michigan
"Are Children Citizens?: The Minimum Voting Age and Liberal Democratic Citizenship"

Carol Sanger is the Barbara Aronstein Black Professor of Law at Columbia University. Her research interests include contracts, family law, gender, regulation of maternal conduct, minors and abortion, and law's relation to culture. Among her recent publications are Gender and Rights (co-edited with Deborah Rhode); "Asserting Rights in the 21st Century" in Gender and Rights; "Consensual Sex and the Limits of Harassment Law" in Directions in Sexual Harassment; and "Leaving Children for Work" in Mother Troubles: Rethinking Contemporary Maternal Dilemmas.

Jeffrey Sammons

Mentor: Jeffrey Sammons, New York University

Damion Thomas (2001 Fellow), University of California, Los Angeles
"'The Good Negroes': African-American Athletes and the Cultural Cold War, 1945-1968"

Jeffery Sammons is Professor of History at New York University. He specializes in U.S. social and cultural history, focusing especially on African-American history, sports history, and film history. Currently, he is studying the relationship between sport and the anti-apartheid movement. In addition he is exploring golf as a commentary on race, class, and community. A few of his publications include Beyond the Ring: The Role of Boxing in American Society; "‘Race' and Sport: A Critical Examination" in Journal of Sport History (Fall 1994); and "Rebel with a Cause: Muhammad Ali as a Sixties Protest Symbol" in Muhammad Ali: The People's Champ. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Sport and Social Issues.

M. Elizabeth Sanders

Mentor:M. Elizabeth Sanders, Cornell University

McGee Young (2002 Fellow), Syracuse University,
"Achieving Access: Understanding the Political Context of Interest Group Participation"

M. Elizabeth Sanders is Professor of Government at Cornell University. Her fields of interest are American political development, social movements, economic regulation, the presidency, bureaucracy, foreign policy, monetary politics, and parties and elections. She is the author of the 2000 Greenstone Prize winning book, Roots of Reform; "Work that Counts" in Perestroika; "In Defense of Periodization in American Political Development" in Polity (Summer 2005); and "Congress and Economic Regulation in the Progressive Era" in On Capitol Hill: The Struggle to Reform Congress and Its Consequences, 1948-2000.

Michael Schudson

Mentor: Michael Schudson, University of California, San Diego

Kevin Wallsten (2006 Fellow), University of California, Berkeley
"Political Blogs and the Bloggers Who Blog Them: An Analysis of the Who's, What's and Why's of Political Blogging"

Michael Schudson is the University of California, San Diego's Professor of Communication and Adjunct Professor of Sociology. He specializes in the history and sociology of popular culture, cultural memory, American news media, and advertising. He is currently researching the growth of freedom of expression from 1960 to the present and its implications. His recent publications include The Sociology of News; The Good Citizen: A History of American Public Life; and "How People Learn How to Be Civic" in United We Serve: National Service and the Future of Citizenship.

Bruce Schulman

Mentor: Bruce Schulman, Boston University

Kimberly Phillips-Fein (2003 Fellow), Columbia University,
"The Roots of Reaganism: Business Backlash in the Liberal Age"

Margaret Pugh O'Mara (2001 Fellow), University of Pennsylvania
"Cold War Politics and the Roots of the Information Age Metropolis, 1945-1975"

Bruce Schulman is Professor of History and American Studies at Boston University. He is the author of several publications, including From Cotton to Sunbelt: Federal Policy, Economic Development, and the Transformation of the South, 1938-1980; Lyndon B. Johnson and American Liberalism; The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, which the New York Times designated a "Notable Book of the Year" in 2001; and "Governing Nature, Nurturing Government: Resource Management and the Development of the American State, 1900-1912" in Journal of Policy History (Fall 2005). Currently, he is working on Reawakened Nation: The Birth of Modern America, 1896-1929, Oxford History of the United States, Volume VIII.

Christopher S. Sellers

Mentor: Christopher S. Sellers, State University of New York, Stony Brook

Peter Siskind (2000 Fellow), University of Pennsylvania,
"Growing Pains: Political Economy and Place on the Northeast Corridor, 1950s-1970s"

Christopher Sellers is Associate Professor of History at the State University of New York, Stony Brook. His research interests include U.S. cultural and environmental history, the history of medicine and the body, and industrial and urban history. Among his many publications are Hazards of the Job: From Industrial Disease to Environmental Health Science and "Environment as a White Issue: Race and Nature in the Suburban Passage of Eugene and Bernice Burnett" in "To Love the Wind and the Rain": African Americans and Environmental History. He is currently writing a book entitled Crabgrass Crucible: Nature, Race, and Class in the Making of American Sprawl.

Molly Shanley

Mentor: Molly Shanley, Vassar College

Maxine Eichner (2001 Fellow), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
"Reinstating Family: Rethinking the Relationship Between the Family and the State"

Mary L. (Molly) Shanley is the Margaret Stiles Halleck Professor of Political Science at Vassar College. She is the author of two books: Feminism, Marriage, and the Law in Victorian England and Making Babies, Making Families: What Matters Most in a New Age of Reproductive Technology, Adoption, Surrogacy, and Same-Sex and Single Parents' Rights. In addition, she co-edited Feminist Interpretations and Political Theory (with Carole Pateman) and Reconstructing Political Theory: Feminist Essays (with Uma Narayan). She has also written a number of articles which have appeared in Political Theory, Signs, Victorian Studies, Hypatia, and the Columbia Law Review.

R. Drew Smith

Mentor: R. Drew Smith, Case Western Reserve University

Larycia Hawkins (2006 Fellow), University of Oklahoma
"Framing the Faith-Based Initiative: Black Church Elites and the Black Policy Agenda"

R. Drew Smith is Beamer-Schneider SAGES Fellow in Ethics at Case Western Reserve University. Committed to Case Western's Seminar Approach to General Education and Scholarship (SAGES), in fall 2007 he will design and teach an undergraduate seminar addressing practical ethics. A political scientist and clergyman, he studies religion and public life. A few of his many publications are New Day Begun: African American Churches and Civic Culture in Post-Civil Rights America; Long March Ahead: African American Churches and Public Policy in Post-Civil Rights America; and Freedom's Distant Shores: American Protestants and Post-Colonial Alliances with Africa.

Mark Stern

Mentor: Mark Stern, University of Pennsylvania

Alethia Jones (2003 Fellow), Yale University,
"Bootstraps and Beltways: The State's Role in Immigrant Self-Help"

Mark Stern is Professor of Social Welfare and History, Co-Director of the Urban Studies Department, and Principal Investigator of the Social Impact of the Arts Project at the University of Pennsylvania. He researches U.S. social history as well as the social impact of the arts. His recent publications include One Nation Divisible: What America Was and What It Is Becoming (co-authored with Michael Katz); Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need (co-authored with June Axinn); and "The New African American Inequality", in Journal of American History (June 2005) which was co-authored with Mark Katz and won the Organization of American Historians' Binkley-Stephenson Award.

Clarence N. Stone

Mentor: Clarence N. Stone, University of Maryland

Michele Davis (2002 Fellow), University of Virginia,
"Beyond Redistricting: How the Voting Rights Act Has Transformed Democracy in a Southern City"

Clarence N. Stone is Professor Emeritus of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland. He specializes in American politics, urban affairs, local government, and public policy. One of his publications is Building Civic Capacity: The Politics of Reforming Urban Schools (co-authored with Jeffrey Henig, Bryan Jones, and Carol Pierannunzi), which was named the Best Book in Urban Politics by the Urban Politics Section of the American Political Science Association in 2002. He is the editor of Changing Urban Education.

Tom Sugrue

Mentor: Tom Sugrue, University of Pennsylvannia

Suleiman Osman (2005 Fellow), Harvard University
"The Birth of Postmodern New York: Gentrification, Post industrialization and Race in South Brooklyn from 1950 to 1980"

Nancy A. Banks (2003 Fellow), Columbia University,
"Protecting a Way of Life: The Struggle Over Affirmative Action in the New York City Building Trades, 1961-1976"

Tom Sugrue is the Edmund J. and Louise W. Kahn Professor of History and Sociology at the University of Pennsylvania. He specializes in twentieth-century American politics, urban history, and race relations. His recent publications include The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit; The New Suburban History (co-edited with Kevin M. Kruse); "Driving While Black: The Car and Race Relations in Modern America" on Automobile in American Life and Society Website (www.autolife.umd.umich.edu); and "Affirmative Action from Below: Civil Rights, the Building Trades, and the Politics of Racial Equality in the North, 1945-1969" in Journal of American History (June 2004).

Daniel Tichenor

Mentor: Daniel Tichenor, Rutgers University

Rebecca Bohrman (2003 Fellow), Yale University,
"Sifting Immigrants: The Political and Historical Roots of Administrative Failure in the I.N.S."

Daniel Tichenor is Associate Professor of Political Science at Rutgers University with a joint appointment at the Eagleton Institute of Politics. He specializes in executive and legislative politics, social movements, interest groups, immigration and citizenship, public policy, and history and politics. His recent publications include the 2003 winner of the Gladys M. Kammerer Award, Dividing Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America; "Organized Interests and American Political Development" in Political Science Quarterly (Winter 2002-2003); and "Immigrants, Markets, and the American State: The Political Economy of U.S. Immigration" in Explaining Migration Policy.

Maris A. Vinovskis

Mentor: Maris A. Vinovskis, University of Michigan

Patrick McGuinn (2001 Fellow), University of Virginia
"The Institutionalization of Federal Education Policy, 1965-2000"

Maris A. Vinovskis is the A. M. and H. P. Bentley Professor of History as well as Professor of Public Policy and Senior Research Scientist at the Center for Political Studies in the Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan. He is a 2007-2008 Organization of American Historians Distinguished Lecturer, and his topics include American family history, history assessments and elementary and secondary education, history and federal policymaking, the history of federal compensatory programs, and the history of Head Start. Among his recent publications are The Birth of Head Start: Preschool Education Policies in the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations and Revitalizing Federal Education Research and Development.

Margaret M. Weir

Mentor: Margaret M. Weir, University of California, Berkeley

Nicole Mellow (2001 Fellow), University of Texas, Austin
"Rising Partisanship: A Study of the Regional Dimensions of Conflict in the Post-War House of Representatives"

Margaret M. Weir is Professor Political Science and Professor of Sociology at the University of California, Berkeley. She focuses on political sociology, American political development, urban politics and policy, and comparative studies of the welfare state. A few of her publications include The Social Divide: Political Parties and the Future of Activist Government (editor); Politics and Jobs: The Boundaries of Employment Policy in the United States; and Schooling for All: Class, Race and the Decline of the Democratic Ideal (with Ira Katznelson). Currently, she is researching metropolitan inequalities and city-suburban politics in the United States.

James Q. Wilson

Mentor: James Q. Wilson, Pepperdine University

Jon Shields (2004 Fellow), University of Virginia
"The Democratic Virtues of Christian Right Activism"

James Q. Wilson is the Ronald Reagan Professor of Public Policy at Pepperdine University. He specializes in moral judgment, American government, crime, police behavior, political organizations, crime and human nature, government regulation of business, urban issues, morality and human character, foreign intelligence, political science, and public administration. His recent publications include The Marriage Problem: How Our Culture Has Weakened Families; Moral Judgment; and The Moral Sense. He is the recipient of the James Madison Award (1990), John Gaus Award (1994), and Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Political Science Association (2001).

Julian Zelizer

Mentor: Julian Zelizer, Princeton University

Mary Christina Michelmore (2004 Fellow), University of Michigan
"With the First Penny Paid: Welfare Reform, Tax Policy and Political Change, 1960-1980"

Julian Zelizer is Professor of History and Public Affairs at Princeton University. He is the author of On Capitol Hill: The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences, 1948-2000. In addition, he edited New Directions in American Political History; The American Congress; and The Democratic Experiment: New Directions in American Political History (co-edited with Meg Jacobs and William J. Novak). He is a 2007-2008 Organization of American Historians Distinguished Lecturer, and among his topics are "When Liberals Were Hawks: National Security Politics in the 1950s", "The 2008 Elections in Historical Perspective", "The Death of Détente and the Rise of the Republican Right", and "How Congress Helped End the Vietnam War".

Jonathan Zimmerman

Mentor: Jonathan Zimmerman, New York University

Tracy Steffes (2003 Fellow), University of Chicago,
"The Creation of the American Education System, 1880-1930"

Jonathan Zimmerman is Professor of Education and History as well as Director of the History of Education Program at New York University's Steinhardt School of Education. He has a joint appointment in New York University's Department of History. His research interests are twentieth-century history of education, democratic community and education, immigration history, and the influence of schools on development. He is the author of several publications, including Whose America? Culture Wars in the Public Schools; Distilling Democracy: Alcohol Education in America's Public Schools, 1880-1925; and "Ethnics Against Ethnicity: European Immigrants and Foreign-Language Instruction, 1890-1940" in Journal of American History (March 2002).